Most of the E1 and T1 cards supported by asterisk are capable of carrying both voice and data.
For now, we only have tutorials on how to do the audio part, the data tutorials might be available later.
So what is this E1 or T1 all about ?
1.1. E1 / T1
E1 is a physical layer protocol, like ethernet. It defines a 2Mbps link between two endpoints.
T1 is similar to E1. It is used in North America and is 1.544Mbps
A more in depth difference between the two can be found here
A J1 card is the Japanse version of a T1. (the tiny differences between T1 and J1 can be found here
Both T1 and E1 can be used to transmit data or voice, or a mixture of both.
For example: if an E1 is reserved for voice channels only, the 2mbit will be split into 32 64Kbps telephone channels. 30 of these channels can carry one telephone conversation each, and 2 carry signalling and timing information.
A t1 could carry 24 telephone channels, each of which can carry a telephone conversation.
Please note that in the states, its a common practice for carriers to offer fractional T1s, these have only some of the 24 channels provisoned.
Lets have a look at the supported audio operating modes:
1.2.: Supported Audio Modes on E1/T1:
There are a number of protocols which can run on top of E1.
These protocols are grouped into 3 big subgroups, CAS, CCS, RBS.
(a detailed difference between these subgroups can be found here)
Lets have a closer look on these subgroups:
a) CAS signalling
CAS stands for Channel Associated Signalling. Examples are FXS
loop start and E&M wink start. These protocols provide information such as the number that was called, and what state the call is in. They're limited in what information they can carry, and are slow to set up.
With this kind of signalling, a set of bits is used to replicate opening and closing the circuit (as if picking up the telephone receiver and pulsing digits on a rotary phone), or using tone signalling which is passed through on the voice circuits themselves
CAS is the original signaling system used by E1. In CAS, channel 16 is reserved for signaling. In recent years, the term RBS has been replaced by CAS which is now used to refer to bits that are associated with a specific channel whether it is in the T1 or E1 format.
Different subprotocols are:
- E&M
- Wink (this might be only RBS, if you know this for sure, please leave a comment.)
- Feature Group B
- Feature Group D
Common Channel signalling: A more recent kind of signalling, which resolves the problems associated with CAS signalling. In this kind of signalling, short messages are sent over the signalling channel, with more information about the call, including caller ID, type of transmission required, etc. etc.
CCS is used by either T1 or E1 and refers to a system that does not use a specific bit structure for signaling. Instead, all or part of a channel is used to pass messages between two systems to indicate how a channel is being used.
CCS is used by either T1 or E1 and refers to a system that does not use a specific bit structure for signaling. Instead, all or part of a channel is used to pass messages between two systems to indicate how a channel is being used. This type of system is commonly found in ISDN which uses a D channel to pass messages.
ISDN signalling and ss7 signalling are a subgroup of CCS signalling.
- ISDN (PRI CPE & PRI NET)
ISDN uses one channel (called the D channel) for signalling call information. On E1, this is one of the 2 signalling channels, leaving 30 channels for voice (called B channels). On T1, there aren't any spare signalling channels, so one of the voice channels is used, leaving 23 B channels for voice.
A PRI (Primary Rate ISDN) is simply an E1 or T1 with ISDN on top of it. ISDN gives fast, reliable call setup and hangup detection, and detailed information about the call. In the UK, PRI is also called ISDN30.
An important extension to ISDN is Q.SIG, which provides extra signalling information that is used when connecting PBX systems.
Currently, asterisk has limited support for Q.SIG, it can make and receive calls and retrieve some of the extra information.
- On E1, EuroISDN is the standard for ISDN signalling.
- On T1, there are different standards from different providers:
RBS is the original signaling system used by T1 and provides either 2 or 4 signaling bits per channel depending on the multiframe format. In recent years, the term RBS has been replaced by CAS which is now used to refer to bits that are associated with a specific channel whether it is in the T1 or E1 format.
AMI, B8ZS, and HDB3 are different types of line coding used in T1 and E1 communications systems. AMI stands for alternate mark inversion and is used in both T1 and E1 systems. B8ZS stands for Bipolar with 8 Zeros Substitution and is used in T1 systems while HDB3 stands for High-Density Bipolar 3 and is used in E1 systems.
- HDB3: High-Density Bipolar 3 -> E1 only
- AMI: Aternate Mark Inversion -> E1 and T1, the T1 version exists with both ESF (extended super frame) and SF (super frame)
- B8ZS: Bipolar with 8 Zeros Substitution -> T1 only, exists with both ESF (extended super frame) and SF (super frame)
1.4. What signalling and framing should i ask my carrier?
1.5. Timing or clock sources
A T1/E1 connection needs a timing device on one of both ends.
A T1/E1 line can be clocked internally or can be clocked by the telco.
- TE110p: 1 port T1/E1 for use in 3.3 or 5 volt pci slots.
- TE205p: 2 port T1/E1 for use in 5 volt pci slots
- TE210p: 2 port T1/E1 for use in 3.3 volt pci slots
- TE405p: 4 port T1/E1 for use in 5 volt pci slots
- TE410p: 4 port T1/E1 for use in 3.3 volt pci slots
- TE406p: 2nd generation 4 port T1/E1 for use in 5 volt pci slots, with hardware DTMF recognition and echo cancellation. (now discontinued, but still supported)
- TE411p: 2nd generation 4 port T1/E1 for use in 3.3 volt pci slots, with hardware DTMF recognition and echo cancellation. (now discontinued, but still supported)
- TE407p: 3rd generation 4 port T1/E1 for use in 5 volt pci slots, with octasic hardware DTMF recognition and echo cancellation.
- TE412p: 3rd generation 4 port T1/E1 for use in 3.3 volt pci slots, with octasic hardware DTMF recognition and echo cancellation.
- Tormenta 2: Discontinued cards based on the open source project zapatatelephony
These cards were known as: Wildcard T100P, T400P, E100P, E400P
intel
- Dialogic D/41JCT-LS: quad t1/e1 board, requires additional (paid) drivers from digium to make it work.
sangoma
- A101: One port T1/E1 card
- A102 :Two port T1/E1 card
- A104: Four port T1/E1 card
varion
- V400P-E: 4 port E1 card, based on the open source zapata telephony project.
These are the same cards as the discontinued digium cards.
- V400P-T: 4 port E1 card, based on the open source zapata telephony project.
These are the same cards as the discontinued digium cards.
Eikon
- none public available yet.
2.1 What card should you pick ?
I recommend against using cards based on the tormenta project, they are way older and take up a lot more cpu. (and their development seems stalled).
The newest digium cards (TE406p and TE411p) as well as the latest firmware versions of the te405p and te410p are optimized for speed.
Only the digium TE406p and the digiun TE411p have hardware echo cancellation, causing a big difference in cpu usage. But this comes at a slightly higher cost.
If you need the 40% speed gain with on board echo cancellers, go for these cards, otherwise go for the cheaper te410p or te405p. (or the 1 or 2 port versions).
It is said on the mailinglists that the hardware echo canceller also has better quality than the echo cancellation done in software. (I can confirm nor deny this claim - it's based on a single source).
3. Asterisk E1/T1 channel drivers
There are two ways to get the E1/T1 cards to work:
First one is chan_zap (requires the zaptel kernel modules), this is recommended for all digium + sangoma cards.
The second one is chan_mISDN (requires the mISDN kernel patches)
This is probably only usefull for eicon cards. chan_misdn is written for BRI cards, but also supports some E1/T1 cards.
4. Building, installing and configuring asterisk with E1/T1 cards
We will only discuss using chan_zap for now (its the only recommended thing to do).
If you are being flooded (several times a second, non stop and the pri never worked) by lines as:
Jul 14 13:55:21 NOTICE[19519]: chan_zap.c:7874 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Abort (6) on Primary D-channel of span 1
Then probably the PRI you are using is not using PRI signalling but maybe some other type of signalling like E&M.
--------
If you see the error Jul 14 13:55:21 NOTICE[19519]: chan_zap.c:7874 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Abort (6) on Primary D-channel of span 1
only occasionally, then you might have some devices in your pc (ide cards?) taking to long when taking an intterupt.
You might want to try to put the te411p card on a different cpu, or if its probably an ide card doing it, try playing with hdparm (make your drivers slower) or disable that card, and take a new one.
----
If you see this error:
-- Registered channel 23, PRI Signalling signalling
Jul 14 14:11:56 ERROR[19682]: chan_zap.c:6719 mkintf: Channel 24 is reserved for D-channel.
That means you tried to use PRI signalling on a T1, but did not put a line dchannel=24 in your zaptel.conf
---
If you see an error similar to this one:
Jul 14 14:06:58 ERROR[19635]: chan_zap.c:6593 mkintf: Signalling requested on channel 1 is E & M Wink but line is in PRI Signalling signalling
That means your zaptel.conf seems to be configured for PRI signalling (you defined B-channels and D-channels) and in zapata.conf you didnt not put signalling=pri_cpe or pri_net, but em_w
---
Signalling requested on channel 24 is PRI Signalling but line is in Unknown signalling 896 signalling
you defined in zapata.conf that channel 24 is also a b channel.
e.g.: channels = 1-24, while in zaptel.conf you had a line: dchannel=24
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Salman Yousuf (research at genesis-solution dot com) 15 January 2008 16:06:41 Dear Sir / Madam
Hope you will be fine there, I am a Research & Development Engineer. I am using Asterisk PBX (VoIP Server) and your Digium cards. Now I would like to use E&M 2 wire/ 4 wire Magnetophone (HOTLINES) with asterisk. so can you please help me out in this regard, what should I do and which hardware is required to use E&M 2 wire/ 4 wire Magnetophone (HOTLINES) with asterisk and how I can use this.
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Dave Burgess (burgess at cynjut dot net) 17 June 2007 03:37:17 The biggest problem I see is that there is no consensus on what constitues a usable DS1 configuration. The local telco here wants me to use ESF/B8ZS with E&M Wink start for my T1, but almost no one in the Asterisk community has addressed what we need to say to our local switch office to make these lines work.
Masthan (masvmas at gmail dot com) 22 March 2007 14:10:11 What this T1&E1 Stands for A single sentence
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zeeshan (mzeeshanfahd at gmail dot com) 06 June 2006 15:07:52 i have asterisk 1.0.9 on debian the last xorcom release.
i have te110p card and trying to connect to nortel passport mvpe card
using euroisdn, ccs, pri_cpe, hdb3 ,crc4 and having d channel going up and down there is no alarm on the card when i see through zttool.
i have seen a bug some where reporting that this is an issue with asterisk 1.0.8 and above even 1.2.x version have this issue.
if some one know any thing i will be delighted to know
> 0 bytes of data
Sending Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Extended
< Informational frame:
< SAPI: 00 C/R: 1 EA: 0
< TEI: 000 EA: 1
< N(S): 000 0: 0
< N(R): 000 P: 0
< 8 bytes of data
-- ACKing all packets from 0 to (but not including) 0
-- Since there was nothing left, stopping T200 counter
-- Stopping T203 counter since we got an ACK
-- Nothing left, starting T203 counter
< Protocol Discriminator: Q.931 (8) len=8
< Call Ref: len= 2 (reference 0/0x0) (Originator)
< Message type: RESTART (70)
< [79 01 87]
< Restart Indentifier (len= 3) [ Ext: 1 Spare: 0 Resetting All DS1 Facilities (7) ]
> [ 00 01 00 02 08 02 80 00 4e 79 01 87 ]
> Informational frame:
> SAPI: 00 C/R: 0 EA: 0
> TEI: 000 EA: 1
> N(S): 000 0: 0
> N(R): 001 P: 0
> 8 bytes of data
-- Restarting T203 counter
Stopping T_203 timer
Starting T_200 timer
> Protocol Discriminator: Q.931 (8) len=8
> Call Ref: len= 2 (reference 32768/0x8000) (Terminator)
> Message type: RESTART ACKNOWLEDGE (78)
> [79 01 87]
> Restart Indentifier (len= 3) [ Ext: 1 Spare: 0 Resetting All DS1 Facilities (7) ]
== Restart on requested on entire span 2
Jun 6 16:07:03 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:03 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:04 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:05 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:06 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:07 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:10 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:14 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:16 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:18 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:19 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:19 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:20 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:20 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:21 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:21 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:21 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:22 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:22 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:22 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:22 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:25 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
nadra-hq*CLI>
< [ 00 01 01 02 ]
< Supervisory frame:
< SAPI: 00 C/R: 0 EA: 0
< TEI: 000 EA: 1
< Zero: 0 S: 0 01: 1 [ RR (receive ready) ]
< N(R): 001 P/F: 0
< 0 bytes of data
-- ACKing all packets from 0 to (but not including) 1
-- ACKing packet 0, new txqueue is -1 (-1 means empty)
-- Since there was nothing left, stopping T200 counter
-- Nothing left, starting T203 counter
-- Restarting T203 counter
< [ 02 01 01 03 ]
< Supervisory frame:
< SAPI: 00 C/R: 1 EA: 0
< TEI: 000 EA: 1
< Zero: 0 S: 0 01: 1 [ RR (receive ready) ]
< N(R): 001 P/F: 1
< 0 bytes of data
-- ACKing all packets from 0 to (but not including) 1
-- Since there was nothing left, stopping T200 counter
-- Stopping T203 counter since we got an ACK
-- Nothing left, starting T203 counter
-- Unsolicited RR with P/F bit, responding
Sending Receiver Ready (1)
> Unnumbered frame:
> SAPI: 00 C/R: 1 EA: 0
> TEI: 000 EA: 1
> M3: 3 P/F: 1 M2: 0 11: 3 [ UA (unnumbered acknowledgement) ]
> 0 bytes of data
-- Restarting T203 counter
== Primary D-Channel on span 2 down
Jun 6 16:07:26 WARNING[2340]: chan_zap.c:2137 pri_find_dchan: No D-channels available! Using Primary on channel anyway 20!
Jun 6 16:07:26 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:28 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:32 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:34 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:34 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:36 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:37 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:41 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:43 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
Jun 6 16:07:44 NOTICE[2340]: chan_zap.c:7930 pri_dchannel: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 2
nadra-hq*CLI>
AMIT GUPTA (mitu80 at rediffmail dot com) 20 May 2006 08:19:10 In E1-CAS system we get 30 channel. theroitically there are 32 channel out which one is consumed in syncronization and other is consumed in signalling, what I studied in books.
Now my question is if one seperate channel is used for signalling then what is difference between E1-CAS and E1-PRI.
ekkaluk eksook (ekkaluke at ais dot co dot th) 28 April 2006 04:36:26 What do E1 and T1 stand for?
plese,please me.
miaolin (miaolin at openvox dot com dot cn) 26 April 2006 05:13:00 OpenVox D110P T1/E1/J1 card use wcte11xp driver can support asterisk
saravana kumar (saravanahcl at hotmail dot com) 15 April 2006 11:17:42 Hi,
Can we interconnect Indian PBX through E1 as CCIIT CAS , from US PBX through T1 link. If possible How? First let me no Can we convert 23 channels to 30 channels.how it possible?
jani hartikainen (jani at cuuma dot com) 29 March 2006 17:10:18 Is It possible to use PRI card (TE410P) like normal BRI, if configured in zaptel only 2 channels and third one as a D? I mean i have ISDN router with TE or NT interface and it support BRI and i cant get it work with my PRI card. Im wondering if it is possible at all?
jose (jarc0423 at hotmail dot com) 22 March 2006 16:53:32 where I can find information to program the card e1 A101 of sangoma?
bhaskar (yb_bhaskar at rediffmail dot com) 20 March 2006 08:47:08 can i make x25xcall from eicon card which already having the x25xcall , can i make 2 calls from single eicon card
G.Vetriselvan (vetriselvan dot ganesan at relianceinfo dot com) 11 March 2006 11:57:36 What is the exact difference between CAS and CCS7 signaling in bit format.How CCS7 supports 4096 channels signalling information at single frame.
Jake Paysse (jpaysse at imacorporate dot com) 09 February 2006 23:39:18 I have a NEC 384i, I am told that the prefered protocol is NI2. My LD provider can only provide NI1 protocol, My vendor cannot tell me what are the difference between the 2 protocols and how it might affect my PBX?
tim (tim at ektr dot com) 04 February 2006 23:28:58 The dialogic D/41JCT-LS is a 4 port analog card - not a quad-span PRI card. D/240JCT & D/300JCT cards are PRI cards!
Also, I think "Eikon" above should be Eicon, which do have several PRI cards released now, although I would like to know if they are Asterisk compatible!
Michael (michael dot k dot jones at xo dot com) 17 January 2006 19:04:36 We are expericing dropped calls everyday. We are not seeing any interupts. Here are the logs from the last drop.
Jan 17 09:21:05 NOTICE[11241] chan_zap.c: PRI got event: HDLC Abort (6) on Primary D-channel of span 1
Jan 17 09:21:20 NOTICE[11241] chan_zap.c: PRI got event: HDLC Abort (6) on Primary D-channel of span 1
Jan 17 09:21:20 NOTICE[11241] chan_zap.c: PRI got event: HDLC Bad FCS (8) on Primary D-channel of span 1
Jan 17 09:21:20 NOTICE[11241] chan_zap.c: PRI got event: Alarm (4) on Primary D-channel of span 1
Jan 17 09:21:20 WARNING[11241] chan_zap.c: No D-channels available! Using Primary channel 24 as D-channel anyway!
Any ideas?
Thanks
MJ
Ken D'Ambrosio (ken at jots dot org) 07 January 2006 23:19:38 The Digium T1 card is not the only card with DSP-based echo cancellation; the Sangoma's A104d card has it, and I *believe* that they are coming out with a single-span with EC, also.
Vrajesh Patel (vrajesh dot patel at matrixtelesol dot com) 12 December 2005 08:39:05 Dear Sir,
We would like to know:
What are the Main Technical points for which following different Switch types or the Protocols differ?
- NI1
- NI2
- 4ESS (AT&T)
- 5ESS (Lucent)
- DMS100 and
- Euro ISDN for E1
Please, inform brief information of Technical details for each protocol.
Regards,
Vrajesh Patel
Gobinda Paul (gobinda at bigmastech dot com) 10 September 2005 13:14:58 how i specify that a number of sip user can route call on specific channel.